Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

环境资源禀赋视角下产业升级路径研究——以浙江为例

本研究以浙江省为例,立足环境资源禀赋的优势和不足,进行产业发展现状和环境资源禀赋的相容性分析,剖析产业发展存在的问题,探索新时期环境资源禀赋支撑产业升级的路径与模式,提出浙江省基于环境资源禀赋的产业发展原则和思路,要支持发展符合环境资源条件和顺应产业发展规律的优质产业,限制发展不符合环境资源条件的低端产业,建议重点发展知识技术密集型产业、海洋经济和临港产业、生态休闲养生产业、现代大农业,并积极推进传统产业转型发展.     

生化尾水垂直流-水平潜流组合湿地净化研究

采用垂直上升流-水平潜流组合人工湿地装置,对处理污水处理厂生化尾水进行深度处理,选用陶粒、沸石和砾石3种填料,美人蕉、再力花和菖蒲3种植物配置成6种不同的组合.8个月的试验结果表明,水力负荷为0.5 m3/(m2·d),试验装置对NH3-N和TP的去除效果较好,NH3-N平均去除率在69.3％以上,6组试验装置中4组的TP平均去除率在50％以上;COD,N03--N和TN去除效果较差,平均去除率分别在12.5％～ 15.1％,-1.8％ ～ 9.6％和6.3％～ 17.9％之间.以陶粒为填料种植美人蕉的组合湿地装置脱氮除磷效果最好,NH3-N,TN,N03--N,TP的平均去除率分别达到80.9％,17.9％,9.6％,77.5％.     

海水鱼类网箱养殖的环境效应及多营养层次的综合养殖

海水鱼类网箱养殖是世界主要渔业国家(如挪威、日本等)广泛开展的一种高密度、集约化的养鱼方式,这种养殖方式在给广大从业者带来巨大经济、社会效益的同时,对环境也造成了不可忽视的负面影响。开展多营养层次的综合养殖(IMTA)是缓解这一环境压力的有效途径,鱼类养殖过程中释放出的二氧化碳、氮、磷等物质,由无机提取单元(大型藻类)来吸收,粪便和残饵等微小颗粒则成为有机提取单元(滤食性贝类)的饵料,较大的颗粒物质沉到海底后,可以为腐食性单元(海参等)提供食物,通过这种养殖模式,最大限度地实现系统内营养物质的高效利用,在减轻养殖对环境压力的同时,使系统具有较高的容纳量和食物产出能力。     

铅胁迫对斑马鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究Pb对斑马鱼抗氧化酶活性影响,探讨重金属Pb对斑马鱼毒理学效应.以斑马鱼为模式生物,采用半静态法对斑马鱼进行驯养和试验,测定不同浓度Pb对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响.Pb暴露1d胁迫斑马鱼SOD为诱导效应,胁迫CAT为诱导-抑制效应,Pb暴露7d胁迫斑马鱼SOD为诱导效应,胁迫CAT为诱导-抑制效应,且暴露1d和暴露7d酶活性变化均显著.试验结果表明,Pb胁迨斑马鱼抗氧化系统酶活性变化显著,Pb毒性显著.结果为重金属污染对水生生物毒性机理研究提供参考.     

人群密度对人群拥挤事故的影响

为了研究公共场所的人群密度与拥挤事故的发生概率.基于连续人群流动模型,从人群密度角度探讨了人群拥挤事故发生的机理.由于不同民族个体生理尺寸的差异,人群最大忍受密度不同,以此作为判断人群拥挤事故的标准,并结合我国情况提出我国人群最大忍受密度为9人/m2.最后模拟了某个拥挤事故场景,用该模型对其进行拥挤事故分析.结果表明,连续人群流动模型可以用于预测拥挤事故的发生,对预防和控制人群拥挤事故具有一定的指导意义.     

微生物对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、苯并［a］芘过程的影响.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与苯并［a］芘都可进行吸附或生物降解,48h液相PAHs浓度达到平衡时,微生物对菲消除了98％,对苯并［a］芘消除85％;接种的样品48h吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程;在接种微生物情况下,沉积物与土壤对菲和苯并［a］芘吸附特征均发生较大变化,对菲的吸附量增大约35倍,而对苯并［a］芘的吸附量却降低了2/3左右;未接种微生物的土壤和沉积物对菲解吸率为20％,接种的样品组为2.9％,而对苯并［a］芘的解吸结果与菲相反,未接种的对照组为4％,接种的样品组为13％.微生物在土壤与沉积物吸附PAHs的过程中起主导作用.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

Changes in Soil Particulate Organic Matter, Microbial Biomass, and Activity Following Afforestation of Marginal Agricultural Lands in a Semi-Arid Area of Northeast China

Afforestation of agricultural lands has been one of the major land use changes in China in recent decades. To better understand the effect of such land use change on soil quality, we investigated selected soil physical, chemical and microbial properties (0–15 cm depth) in marginal agricultural land and a chronosequence of poplar (Populus euramericana cv. ‘N3016’) plantations (5-, 10-, 15- and 20-years old) in a semi-arid area of Northeast China. Soil bulk density significantly declined after conversion of agricultural lands to poplar plantations. Soil total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) concentrations, microbial biomass C (MBC) and potential N mineralization rate (PNM) decreased initially following afforestation of agricultural lands, and then increased with stand development. However, soil metabolic quotient (qCO₂) exhibited a reverse trend. In addition, soil particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and N (POM-N) concentrations showed no significant changes in the first 10 years following afforestation, and then increased with stand age. These findings demonstrated that soil quality declined initially following afforestation of agricultural lands in semi-arid regions, and then recovered with stand development. Following 15 years of afforestation, many soil quality parameters recovered to the values found in agricultural land. We propose that change in soil quality with stand age should be considered in determining optimum rotation length of plantations and best management practices for afforestation programs.     

城市地震风险整体评价方法及其应用

城市已经成为我国防震减灾的重中之重,国家越来越重视城市地震风险管理,将地震灾害管理的重点集中在城市地震风险的评估和管理工作上.通过计算预期的物理破坏、经济损失和人员伤亡,并考虑社会的脆弱性和恢复的能力等其他因素的影响,将各种因素的值进行转化,形成可以进行相加的指数,并乘以相应的权重,最终得到城市的地震风险.从地震风险管理的角度出发,引入城市地震整体风险评价法对淮南市的地震风险进行评估,并给出了提高地震防灾减灾能力的几条建议,为城市地震防灾减灾提供参考.